گروه زبان انگلیسی منطقه بیستون

1. The following is a list of terms you will often see in the text, the index, or the bibliography of books designed for serious readers.

2. They are nearly all brief or abbreviated forms of expressions in Latin.

3. Many people also make use of them when taking notes, and they are also used in the footnotes and end-notes of academic writing. Examples below.

4. Don't use abbreviations in the main text of any formal writing. If you wish to use these terms, they should be written out in full.

5. That is, don't put e.g., but write out for example.

6. Notice that a full stop is placed after an abbreviation, but not when the full word is used.

7. This is correct usage, but sometimes the full stop may be omitted in order to avoid double punctuation.

8. Note that these terms are often shown in italics.

9. You should never begin a sentence with an abbreviation.

app.   

appendix

b.   

born. For example, b.1939

c.   

(circa) about: usually with a date. For example: c.1830.

cf.   
(confer) compare.

ch.   
chapter (plural chaps.)

col.   
column (plural cols.)

d.   
died. For example, d.1956

do.   
(ditto) the same.

e.g.   
(exempli gratia) for example.

ed.   
edition; edited by; editor
 (plural eds.)

esp.   
especially.

et al.   
(et alii, aliae, or alia) and others. For example, Harkinson et. al.

et seq.   
(et sequens) and the following.
 For example, p.36 et seq.

etc.   
(et cetera) and so forth. [An over-used term. Worth avoiding.]

fig.   
figure (plural figs.)

f./ff.   
following. For example, 8ff. = page 8 and the following pages.

ibid.   
(ibidem) in the same place: from the source previously mentioned.

i.e.   
(id est) that is.

inf.   
(infra) below: refers to a section still to come.

l.   
line (plural ll.) [NB! easily mistaken for numbers 'One' and 'Eleven'.]

loc. cit.   
(loco citato) at the place quoted: from the same place.

n.   
note, footnote (plural nn.)

n.d.   
no date given

op. cit.   
(opere citato) from the work already quoted.

p.   
page (plural pp.) For example, p.15 [Always precedes the number.]

para.   
paragraph (plural paras.)

passim   
in many places: too many references to list.

q.v.   
(quod vide) look up this point elsewhere. For example, q.v. p.32.

sic   
thus. As printed or written in the original. usually in square brackets [sic].

supra   
above: in that part already dealt with.

trans.   
translator, translated by.

viz.   
(videlicet) namely, that is to say. For example: Under certain conditions, viz...

vol.